High diversity,expanding populations and purifying selection in phytoplasmas causing coconut lethal yellowing in Mozambique

In this study, the putative phytoplasma species causing coconut lethal yellowing disease in Mozambique and Tanzania were characterized. The 16S rRNA and secA genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mozambican coconut phytoplasmas belong to three different types: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A, a second strain that was previously isolated in Tanzania and Kenya (16SrIV‐C), and a third strain that was different from all known lethal yellowing phytoplasma species. The third strain potentially represents a novel species and is closely related to pine phytoplasma. Co‐infection with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pini’‐related and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ 16SrXXII‐A strains was observed. Furthermore, sequence variation in ‘Ca. Phytoplasma palmicola’ at the population level was consistent with purifying selection and population expansion.     

基于叶绿体trnL-F序列对广义披碱草属物种的系统进化研究

广义披碱草属包括了披碱草属、鹅观草属、猬草属、裂颖草属和仲彬草属。为深入研究这5个小麦族多年生属的系统地位、母本来源及St染色体组的来源和分化等问题,本研究根据叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列构建了系统树和网状结构图。结果表明,1)广义披碱草属物种的母本不完全来源于拟鹅观草属的St染色体组,其中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草的母本染色体组为P染色体组,Hystrix duthiei及长芒猬草的母本染色体组为Ns染色体组;2)系统树中反映了P、W和St染色体组之间具有较近的亲缘关系,它们与H和Ns染色体组的关系较远;3)仲彬草属中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的二倍体物种聚类在一起,表明黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的关系较近;猬草属中猬草聚在St支中,而H. duthiei和长芒猬草包括在Ns支中,表明它们具有不同的染色体组组成;4)5个不同地理分布的具有St染色体组的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种没有形成一个单系组,表明St染色体组在二倍体物种中存在一定程度的分化;在异源多倍体物种中,其St染色体组的质体序列构成了不同的分支,表明St染色体组在多倍体物种中也具有分化;5)亚洲分布的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种可能参与了大部分欧亚物种的起源,北美分布物种的St染色体组可能来源于北美的拟鹅观草属物种;有些物种在多倍化起源过程中可能发生了重复杂交过程。     

Phylogeny of Limenitidinae Butterflies （Lepidoptera： Nymphalidae） Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene Sequences

The phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily Limenitidinae are performed based on 1471 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (C01) gene sequence data which were obtained from 21 individuals spanning 9 genera, along with those of 17species obtained from GenBank, using Apatura iris, Aglais urticae, and Polyura dolon as outgroup species. Although the transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, they were still retained for analysis as they contain the majority of the phylogenetic information, and thus, the maximum pasimony (MP) under different weighting schemes and maximum likelihood (ML) trees were reconstructed in this study. The results showed that within this subfamily, the results based on the COI gene sequences are approximately identical to the traditional classification results. However, the clustering of Lexias pardalis and Tanaecia julii within the genus Euthalia as well as the clustering of Phaedyma aspasia within the genus Neptis with weak support are different from that of the current classification scheme made by Chinese scholars. The genus Limenitis is splited into two subelusters in the trees constructed by using MP and ML methods. These results support one of the strongest hypotheses for the tribe relationships within Limenitidinae.     

炭疽菌属真菌分类学研究进展

为促进炭疽菌属真菌的准确鉴定,通过对文献整理研究,结合实物观察,对炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum Corda.)真菌的分类指标作了综合评述.建议鉴定炭疽菌属真菌时尽量采用多种评价指标,以提高鉴定的准确性.     

腺水螨总科分类研究进展

腺水螨总科是水螨群中种类、数量较多的一个总科,普遍认为其包含8个科。简要回顾了国内外对腺水螨总科传统分类的研究历史,并综述了该总科系统发育的研究现状,总结了现行研究中的不足,展望了国内外腺水螨总科的研究前景。为该科以后的分类鉴定工作奠定了理论基础。     

珠带鱼和带鱼未定种Trichiurus sp.2的分子系统进化关系

针对南海大型带鱼新种——珠带鱼(Trichiurus margarites Li,1992)与日本产带鱼未定种T.sp.2(sensu Nakabo,2002)之间的系统进化关系及分类地位不明确问题,本研究通过测定采自海南岛西岸珠带鱼的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列,结合已报道的T.sp.2及其近缘种的同源序列,对其16S rRNA基因序列变异进行分析。基于Kimura双参数模型计算,海南岛西岸珠带鱼与日本九州、海南岛东岸及印度洋T.sp.2间的净遗传距离(0.000～0.006)远低于属内其他种间的净遗传距离(0.037～0.061),表明二者的遗传分化程度处于种内水平。邻接法(NJ)和最大似然法(ML)构建的分子系统树显示,珠带鱼与T.sp.2以极高的置信度(NJ 100%,ML 96%)聚为一支单系,并与其他带鱼形成姐妹群。根据所得分子数据并结合形态学研究资料,可以确定日本产带鱼未定种即是珠带鱼,它广泛分布于印度西太平洋。综合3种带鱼属鱼类在西北太平洋的种间分化事件,对珠带鱼的起源及演化进行了初步推测。     

睡莲属叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性及系统发育分析

睡莲属植物是具有重要的经济、药用和观赏价值的原始被子植物.分析其叶绿体基因组编码区密码子的使用特征,以22种睡莲的叶绿体基因组为研究对象,对睡莲叶绿体基因组密码子的偏好性及睡莲属植物间的进化关系进行了系统分析.结果表明,22种睡莲植物叶绿体基因组密码子适应指数(codon adaptation index,CAI)为0...     

The susceptibility of diverse species of cultured oligochaetes to the fish parasite Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova (Myxozoa)

This study provides detailed information on the invertebrate hosts of Myxobolus pseudodispar (Myxozoa) and explores the susceptibility range of several species and analyses the relevance of the species composition of an oligochaete population. Our findings demonstrate that the oligochaete host range of M. pseudodispar is similarly wide as the number of vertebrate host species. Besides Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Psammoryctides barbatus and Psammoryctides moravicus were also found to be susceptible invertebrate hosts. The genetic characterization of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA of T. tubifex sensu lato revealed that lineages I, II and III are susceptible to M. pseudodispar, whereas T. tubifex lineage VI seems to be non‐susceptible. T. tubifex lineage V and L. hoffmeisteri specimens were positive in a M. pseudodispar‐specific PCR, but in most cases, the release of mature actinospores could not be detected. Hence, these non‐susceptible oligochaetes likely serve as `biological filters` as they remove myxospores from the sediment without producing actinospores. Together with the phylogenetic analysis of the susceptible and non‐susceptible oligochaete hosts on the basis of mt 16S rDNA sequences, the route of the development of M. pseudodispar in the oligochaete hosts was tracked by in situ hybridization. According to our findings, the gut epithelia seem to be a portal of entry of the sporoplasms, where the development of the parasite also takes place. The basal lamina seems to be involved in the migration of the parasite, and the worm’s cellular immune response is activated by the infection.     

大豆LEA基因家族全基因组鉴定、分类和表达

 【目的】鉴定大豆全基因组中的LEA家族基因,对其进行定位、分类以及组织表达分析,为植物LEA基因的功能研究与利用提供基础。【方法】利用大豆基因组数据库,通过生物信息学手段,鉴定并获得大豆LEA家族基因的全序列、定位和拷贝数信息;通过序列比对进行进化和分类分析;利用大豆发育表达芯片数据、NCBI中UniGene的EST表达数据进行组织表达谱分析。【结果】系统地分析鉴定了36个大豆的LEA家族基因,根据结构域的差异和系统发育分析将这些LEA基因分成8个亚家族。基因定位分析结果表明,这些基因分布于大豆的16条染色体上,启动子分析表明,几乎全部LEA基因的启动子区含有逆境反应顺式作用元件。各个发育阶段表达谱的分析结果表明,多数成员至少在一个组织中表达,10个差异表达的基因中有5个在种子发育时期优势表达,另外5个在其它部位优势表达。【结论】通过全基因组扫描,获得大豆基因组的36个LEA家族基因,它们分属于8个不同的亚家族,分布于16条大豆染色体上,启动子区含有逆境相关顺式作用元件,基因表达具有一定特异性。     

中国基干鸟类综述

"基于鸟类(basal birds)"为一种类数量相对较少的化石鸟类,基干鸟类较另一鸟类群--"鸟胸类(Ornithothoraces)"原始;鸟胸类(包括现生鸟类和反鸟类)为一类种类数量很大、具有同一祖先、且来源于基干鸟类的鸟类群.在过去的15年里,共有产自中国的8个属、12个有效种基干鸟类发表,而产自的德国的始祖鸟为唯一的非中国产基干鸟类;当然,孔子鸟化石也发现于朝鲜.本文对产自中国的基干鸟类的形态学、系统发生和生态学进行了简单的综述.中国的化石材料对科学地了解鸟类的早期演化具有重要意义,揭示了基干鸟类个体相对较大、形态特征和生态环境变异也相对较大等特点.尽管有些明显的不确定因素的存在(例如热河鸟、会鸟和中鸟的相对系统关系存有争议),但是由于中国化石材料的存在,鸟类早期演化的真实场景已经愈加清晰.